Childhood Schizophrenia Causes and Management of this Mental Disorder

Introduction Background Information Judd (2009) tells the story of a seven-year-old girl named Jani Schofield. When producers of Oprah Winfrey show lived with Jani’s family for one week, they realized just how hard the parents were struggling to bring her up together with her younger brother Bodhi. The parents told the producers how their daughter slips into ‘psychotic moments’ as a result of apparently harmless triggers such as calling her by her full name ‘January’.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Childhood Schizophrenia: Causes and Management of this Mental Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During such moments, the girl will instantly change from a sweet little angel to a shrieking and violent little girl. Michael and Susan Schofield narrate to the producers how they were forced to separate their two children to reduce the likelihood of the girl injuring the li ttle boy during such moments. The children will spend the days together, but during the night, they will be boarded into different apartments each accompanied by one parent. Jani’s life is unlike that of any other seven-year-old girl. The parents narrate to the producers how their little daughter experiences many hallucinations and how she hears strange voices in her head. At times she will stare at one spot for a long time claiming to see things that are not visible to other people around her. Jani Schofield suffers from childhood schizophrenia. She is among the less than 1 in 30000 children under the age of eleven years who are diagnosed with the condition in the United States of America every year (Bender, 2010). The symptoms of this condition are not unlike those among adults suffering from the same condition. According to Maatai et al. (2011), approximately 1 percent of Americans suffer from this condition. They report hallucinations accompanied by irrational thoughts an d at times, violent behavior like that reported in Jani above. Problem Statement Seese et al. (2010) define schizophrenia as a form of a mental disorder that is accompanied by breaking down of thought processes in the individual as well as other emotional disorders such as violence, extreme fear or withdrawal. Many patients suffering from this condition report incidences of auditory and visual hallucinations. Their speech and thinking processes are also disintegrated as indicated above. The patient also suffers from social and occupational dysfunctions as a result of their condition (Seese et al., 2010). This means that their social and occupational life is impaired as a result of the effects of the mental condition.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Maatai et al. (2011) are of the view that most of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia appear during young adulthood . This is from the age of 12 and in some instances, even before. According to Bender (2010), about 0.3 to 0.7 percent of the world population suffers from schizophrenia. The condition can be diagnosed from behavioral observations made on the individual as well as from the experiences that are reported by the patient. The exact cause of this mental disorder is not well known. However, experts in this field are of the view that a combination of several factors may be the possible cause of the condition. This includes factors such as genetics, the social and psychological environment within which the individual is brought up as well as some other factors touching on the patient’s lifestyle such as abuse of drugs among others (Hardman, Drew Egan, 2011). According to Maatai et al. (2011), childhood schizophrenia can also be regarded as early schizophrenia given the fact that it manifests itself during the early years of the patient’s life. As indicated above, the symptoms accompanying childhood schizophrenia are largely similar to those in adult schizophrenia, the only difference been the age of the patient. Schizophrenia occurring during the first 11 years of life is generally referred to as childhood schizophrenia although the age limit varies from one specialist to the other. On the other hand, schizophrenia occurring between 11 years and 18 years can be regarded as young adulthood or youth schizophrenia (Judd, 2009). Childhood schizophrenia is a topic that has attracted the interest of experts in youth affairs. This is given the fact that the condition has far reaching effects on the social and occupational life of the youth suffering from it. It is against this backdrop that this author is going to write this research paper. The research paper is going to address several issues surrounding childhood schizophrenia. The author is going to look at the probable causes of the condition, the effects it has on the child or young adult suffering from it , strategies to manage the condition among other issues. Causes of Childhood Schizophrenia As earlier indicated in this research paper, the exact cause of schizophrenia is not well known. However, experts agree that the probable causes of the condition among children are largely similar to the causes among adults. Another aspect of childhood schizophrenia that is little understood is why it develops early in life in some individuals while in others in develops later in life (Seese et al., 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Childhood Schizophrenia: Causes and Management of this Mental Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A combination of biological and social factors is thought to be the major cause of childhood schizophrenia. This means that the child might inherit some schizophrenic genes from both or either of the parents and combine this with the social environment within which they are brou ght up. It also means that the schizophrenic genes may remain dormant in the child if the social environment within which the child is brought up is not conducive for their manifestation (Bender, 2010). Disruption of brain development in the child has been shown to arise from, among other factors, genetic disruptions and environmental stressors (Hardman et al., 2011). The genetic disruptions and environmental stressors can take place during pregnancy or early childhood, affecting the development of the child’s brain in that particular stage and later in life. The brain alterations arising from these factors may be subtle and in some cases negligible. However, they increase the likelihood of the child developing schizophrenia early in life. The environment to which the child is later exposed after birth interacts with the brain alterations to either increase or reduce the likelihood of the child developing schizophrenia. For example, the environmental factors may further damag e the brain of the child increasing their likelihood to develop the condition (Bender, 2010). Alternatively, the environmental factors can suppress the effects of genetic defects and brain alterations reducing the risk of the child developing the condition. This probable interplay of factors has made experts in this field believe that schizophrenia and other mental conditions are not caused by a single factor but a combination of several factors. These include biological and socio-psychological factors. This has led to the development of a bio-psycho-social model to explain the cause of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. The figure below vividly illustrates this model: Figure 1: Bio-psycho-social Model Source: Judd (2009)Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The figure above illustrates how a combination of biological, genetic and early childhood environmental factors combines to cause childhood schizophrenia. Environmental factors in this case may include presence or absence of social stressors, drug use, childhood isolation among others (Harman et al., 2011). All these factors may trigger the onset of this condition in the child. Studies conducted in this field further support the role that genetics play in childhood schizophrenia. Hardman et al. (2011) are of the view that the risk of a child suffering from this condition is one percent when there are no recorded cases of the condition in the family. However, this rises to about ten percent if a first degree member of the child’s family has suffered from the condition before. The risk further rises to fifty percent if an identical twin suffers from childhood schizophrenia (Hardman et al., 2011). Other environmental factors that might increase the likelihood of the child develo ping schizophrenia (apart from the ones listed above) include maternal infections such as viral infections and influenza during pregnancy. Others are oxygen deprivation during birth and other untreated conditions on the part of the mother. Misconceptions and Myths Surrounding Childhood Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia has been poorly understood by many people in the society. This has led to the development of many myths and misconceptions surrounding this condition. According to Seese et al. (2010), it is important to fully understand this condition before helping the children suffering from it and their families. The first step towards this understanding involves debunking the various misconceptions and myths surrounding the condition. Following are some of the myths and misconceptions about childhood schizophrenia: Childhood Schizophrenia is Split Personality According to Judd (2009), this is one of the most common misconceptions about this condition. She argues that schizoph renia is not split personality. According to Maatai et al. (2011), the latter is a totally different mental condition that is less common than the former. Additionally, children suffering from schizophrenia cannot be described as having a split personality. To the contrary, they can only be described as being ‘split off’ from reality (Hardman et al., 2011). Childhood Schizophrenia is a Rare Mental Disorder This condition is not as rare as most people like to believe. According to Hardman et al. (2011), one out of every 100 children in the world is at risk of developing schizophrenia. In the United States of America, 1 child out of every 30000 children is believed to be suffering from this condition. These facts debunk the misconception that child schizophrenia is a rare condition. Children with Schizophrenia are Beyond Help This is another myth that has made it hard for children living with schizophrenia to receive specialized care either at home or in a hospital. It is a fact beyond doubt that some cases of childhood schizophrenia may call for lifetime medication to manage them (Judd, 2009). However, it is not accurate to claim that these children cannot be helped. If the condition is well managed, the child is able to lead a relatively normal life just like any other child their age. Children Suffering from Schizophrenia are Dangerous It is a fact beyond doubt that children with schizophrenia tend to be more violent and boisterous than other children their age. This is as a result of the delusions and hallucinations that these children experience. However, to claim that these children are dangerous than their counterparts who are normal is erroneous. The fact is that the children are not any more violent than the average child or a danger to other people around them (Hardman et al., 2011). Types of Childhood Schizophrenia There are several forms of schizophrenia that are visible among children. Maatai et al. (2011) is of the view that forms of s chizophrenia among children are similar to those among adults. Three major forms of this condition have been recorded to date. Different major symptoms are used to classify schizophrenia into several forms. The three major forms of this condition are as analyzed below: Catatonic Schizophrenia This form of childhood schizophrenia affects the child’s motor activities. According to Seese et al. (2010), a child suffering from this form of schizophrenia exhibits either a decrease or an increase in motor activity. The latter is referred to as an excited state while the former is stuporous state (Seese et al., 2010). A decrease in motor activity brings to a halt almost all voluntary movements and speech in the child. In some cases, the child may stay in one position for hours, resisting any change of position even when they are tired. Bender (2010) notes that a child suffering from this form of schizophrenia may suddenly pass from stuporous to excited state. When this happens, the c hild may exhibit violent behavior such as shouting, speaking fast and pacing back and forth (Bender, 2010). This violent behavior may be directed towards the self or towards other people around them. This is the reason why Jani Schofield (refer to the introduction part of this paper) was being isolated by her parents. Paranoid Child Schizophrenia This is perhaps the most common form of schizophrenia among adults and possibly so among children. The child expresses crazy and outrageous ideas and beliefs. Hardman et al. (2011) note that the ideas and beliefs of such a child are formed around coherent and fairly well organized themes. The story given by the child in such situations remains constant and unchanging over time. A child suffering from this form of schizophrenia experiences difficulties with their social relationships. This is given the fact that they view other people around them with a lot of suspicion. However, it is noted that children suffering from this form of schizoph renia are better off than their counterparts suffering from disorganized and catatonic schizophrenia. This is given that their thinking processes are less disintegrated as compared to those in the other two categories. It is also noted that their long term prognosis is much better than that of those suffering from the other two conditions. Disorganized Child Schizophrenia This is the third form of schizophrenia that is reported among both children and adults. According to Maatai et al. (2011), the symptoms of this form of schizophrenia appear much earlier than those of other forms of the condition. This form of child schizophrenia also develops gradually unlike the other two forms which may appear abruptly. As the name suggests, this form of child schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thinking processes and other impaired functions (Maatai et al., 2011). This may include disintegrated speech, disintegrated behavior and disorganized emotions on the part of the child. It is a lso noted that children suffering from this form of schizophrenia are unable to take care of themselves most of the time. They may be unable to feed or clean themselves, relying on the help of their parents and other people around them. Like those suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, children with disorganized schizophrenia may experience visual and audio hallucinations and delusions (Maatai et al., 2011). However, the fantasies experienced by these children are not as consistent or as organized as those experienced by those suffering from paranoid schizophrenia (Bender, 2010). Effects of Childhood Schizophrenia Having looked at the causes of schizophrenia and the various forms of this condition among children, it is now important to look at the effects that the condition has both on the child suffering from it and on other people around them such as family members. Understanding the effects of this condition is one of the ways through which the society can appreciate the signific ance of the condition among children and young adults. The following are some of the effects of childhood schizophrenia: Increased Suicidal Tendencies Seese et al. (2010) notes that children with schizophrenia report more incidences of attempted suicide than other children their age. As a result of this, experts in this field advice parents and other people who are in contact with these children to take seriously any suicidal talks or threats that are expressed by the child (Seese et al., 2010). It is during psychotic moments that the child is more likely to attempt committing suicide. As such, it is noted that it is important for the child to be put under constant observation at such moments. Those patients who are suffering from depression as a result of schizophrenia are at high risk of attempting suicide if the parents or other people around them do not intervene. It is also noted that the first six months after the patient is put under medication are critical as far as attempte d suicide is concerned. This is given the fact that this is the period that the child is more likely to try and take away their own life (Seese et al., 2010). Abuse of Drugs Bender (2010) notes that abuse of drugs and alcohol is frequently reported among adults suffering from this condition. Initially, the individuals use the drugs and alcohol to try and manage their condition before they consult a doctor. The drugs are abused as the patients become addicted to them. Abuse of drugs hampers the management of this condition through medication. This is given that alcohol and other drugs interfere with the effects of medications on the patient. Children and young adults are also at risk of abusing drugs and alcohol as a result of their schizophrenic conditions. This is for example when they become addicted to morphine and other drugs that are used to manage their condition. Social Dysfunction The child may suffer from social dysfunctions as a result of their condition. The child may be unable to effectively interact with other children and other people around them. For example, the child may withdraw and fail to interact with other people when they are depressed (Bender, 2010). Other people may also avoid the company of the child for fear of outbursts of violent behavior. It was earlier mentioned in this paper that paranoia is a major symptom among children suffering from schizophrenia. This paranoia may make it hard for them to interact with others. This is given the fact that the schizophrenic child will be suspicious of other children and other people around them (Hardman et al., 2011). Occupational Impairment Adults suffering from schizophrenia experience major disruptions when it comes to their day-to-day activities such as family and work. This may be as a result of the inability to interact with their colleagues as a result of social dysfunctions brought about by their condition. It may also be as a result of impaired motor functions as a result of schizoph renia making it hard for them to carry out daily activities such as bathing and eating. The case is no different when it comes to childhood schizophrenia. Children suffering from this condition may find it hard to carry out simple tasks such as bathing, eating, walking and such others (Hardman et al., 2011). This is given the fact that like their adult counterparts, they are unable to interact socially with other people around them to carry out the tasks. Is Childhood Schizophrenia Preventable? Some conditions and diseases are easier to prevent than others. Conditions and diseases that have reliable markers indicating later development of the condition are easier to prevent since intervention measures can be put into place as soon as the markers are identified. For example, conditions such as polio are easily prevented through a vaccine while others can be prevented by changing the lifestyle of the individual. However, it is not possible to prevent childhood schizophrenia. Hardman e t al. (2011) note that early intervention as far as childhood schizophrenia is concerned is effective only during psychotic episodes. This form of intervention has short term benefits only on the part of the child. This is given the fact that after five years of living with the condition, a child will benefit less from such an intervention (Maatai et al., 2011). Preventive measures during prodome stage of this disease are especially ineffective. As such, it can be concluded that childhood schizophrenia is not easily preventable. Managing Childhood Schizophrenia Seese et al. (2010) note that antipsychotic medications are the primary form of treatment for this condition among children. The medications are combined with other interventions such as psycho-social support for the child. It is noted that some severe forms of childhood schizophrenia calls for hospitalization especially in mental institutions. However, it is important to note that hospitalization is a short term measure give n the deinstitutionalization policy that begun in the mid 20th century in the United States of America (Seese et al., 2010). The most common schizophrenic management techniques include community support service for the child and their family (Judd, 2009). This involves home visits made by social workers as well as other forms of support given for example through education. It is noted that regular exercise on the part of the child can be used to improve their mental and physical health, effectively managing the condition. Managing Childhood Schizophrenia through Medication As already indicated in this paper, medication is the common form of management for this condition among children. It is noted that antipsychotic medication can mitigate the negative impacts of psychosis among children in a span of about 1 or 2 weeks. However, it is important to note at this juncture that medication is not effective in managing the cognitive dysfunction that is associated with childhood schizophre nia. There are various types of antipsychotic drugs that can be used to manage schizophrenia among adult patients. These include Risperidone, Clozapine among others. In the process of deciding which drug to use in managing schizophrenia, the patient together with their doctor must take into consideration several factors. These include the benefits of the proposed form of medication, the risks associated with the drug as well as the costs that are to be incurred (Bender, 2010). The same applies to childhood schizophrenia. Several medication options are available and a choice has to be made among them to effectively manage the condition. Managing Childhood Schizophrenia through Psychosocial Support Like in the case of medications, there are several forms of psychosocial interventions used in managing childhood schizophrenia. Maatai et al. (2011) give the example of family therapy where the psychosocial support focuses on the whole family as opposed to focusing only on the patient. The family members may undergo guidance and counseling to help them cope with the child suffering from schizophrenia. The members of the family may also be instructed on how to support the child socially and otherwise. Other forms of psychosocial intervention include cognitive behavioral therapy (herein referred to as CBT) which focuses mainly on the child and significant others. However, Bender (2010) notes that the effects of this technique when it comes to mitigating the negative effects of childhood schizophrenia and averting relapse are minimal. As such, the technique is not as popular as family therapy. Significance of Childhood Schizophrenia It is noted that the impacts that this mental condition has both on the child and on the society as a whole cannot be ignored. The impacts range from economic costs resulting from the money spent on medication and therapy as well as human costs incurred through social interactions with the child. The life expectancy of a person living with t his mental condition is reduced by about 14 years (Bender, 2010). This is given the fact that the condition is usually accompanied by other life threatening conditions such as obesity and suicidal tendencies. It is also noted that childhood schizophrenia may also lead to disability. Bender (2010) notes that about 75 percent of patients suffering from this condition experience ongoing disability with relapses. However, it is important to note here that most children suffering with this condition are able to lead relatively normal lives. This is especially so if they receive adequate medical and moral support. Conclusion This research paper looked at various issues surrounding childhood schizophrenia. The author looked at the probable causes of the condition, types of schizophrenia and the effects that the condition has both on the individual and on the community within which they live. Other issues covered include management of childhood schizophrenia and significance of this conditi on in the society. This research paper found that there is no single known cause of childhood schizophrenia. However, a combination of genetic and environmental factors has been seen to increase the risk of a child suffering from this condition. The significance of this condition in the community cannot be downplayed. This is given the fact that it greatly affects the life of the child and their potential in the society. This is another issue that was addressed by the author in this paper. References Bender, L. (2010). Child schizophrenia: Clinical study of one hundred schizophrenic children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 17(1), 40-56. Hardman, M. L., Drew, C. J., Egan, M. W. (2011). Human exceptionality: School, community, and family. New York: Free Press. Judd, A. (2009). Jani Schofield: Childhood schizophrenia, living with the illness. Web. Maatai, A., et al. (2011). Normalization of cortical gray matter deficits in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood-onset s chizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(7), 698-704. Seese, R., et al. (2010). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thought disorder in childhood schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 22(5), 156-172. This research paper on Childhood Schizophrenia: Causes and Management of this Mental Disorder was written and submitted by user Annabella Turner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Strategic Analysis (SWOT and PEST) of Elecdyne The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis (SWOT and PEST) of Elecdyne SECTION 1 Strategic Analysis (SWOT and PEST) of Elecdyne SECTION 1INTRODUCTIONSWOT ANALYSIS OF ELECDYNEPEST ANALYSISFinal Recommendations:SECTION 2METHODOLOGYINTERNATIONALIZATIONCHINAINDIABRAZILCOUNTRY OF INVESTMENTREFERENCESRelated SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION As it is written in the case study about Elecdyne that the company is actually facing problems and is unable to grow itself since the last 2 years. Elecdyne is a Japanese company based in Tokyo and was established in 1990. They initially started with 5 employs and now it has 100 employs producing a range of Elecdyne products such as televisions, VCRs, DVD players, MP3 players, hi-fi equipment etc using technology licensed from a number of   Japanese and European multinationals. It currently supplies only to the Japanese market. The problems that Elecdyne is facing is the general threats (and opportunities) that is been created by an increasingly globalized business environment like innovations in the products, rapid increase in the technology and changing in the nature of competition. Now the company needs to focus on how it will come out of this situation through an analysis and SWOT analysis will give a brief idea about the company’s internal and external factors. SWOT ANALYSIS OF ELECDYNE Before we do a swot analysis of Elecdyne first we should what actually swot analysis is? SWOT analysis is basically method to look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of any company. Usually we do swot analysis just to see at the internal and external environment of the country just to analyze the environment that whether the conditions are favorable or not. This technique   was created by   Albert Humphrey. PEST ANALYSIS Before doing pest analysis first we should know about pest analysis. PEST analysis has 4 things in it which are Political, Economic, Social and Technological. The reason of doing it is to know about the macro environment. â€Å"In analysing the macro-environment, it is important to identify the factors that might in turn affect a number of vital variables that are likely to influence the organization’s  supply and demand  levels and its costs† (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991; Johnson and Scholes, 1993). â€Å"PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations.† (Kotler 1998) Final Recommendations: The above analysis shows the current situation of Elecdyne and it shows that the company is in a very bad position. To get out of such situation the company needs to make some strategies and these strategies are discussed below: As we know that Elecdyne is working in the Japanese market since the last 20 years and so they have a pretty good knowledge about Japanese market. Their experience can play a vital role in operating in that huge market. First of all they have to do some research and find out that what type of products do customer need and should focus on that. As Elecdyne is not very much advanced in the technology so of course they should also focus on the technology. For example now Blu-ray technology is getting very common in the world and Japan being a very advance country in technology so Elecdyne should focus on improving the technology in its products. Another problem that Elecdyne is facing that its losing its key employs and it should focus on retaining them. Elecdyne needs a cheap labour which is very difficult to find in Japan because in Japan the wage rate is very high so Elecdyne needs to relocate their location and look for some place where there is very cheap wage rate and they should also look for low price raw material so that the production cost can also reduce. Recently japan has been from the worst disaster of earthquake so Elecdyne can also focus on the CSR activity by which their name can also be known in the social activity in Japan. Elecdyne should also focus on technology for selling its products all around the world and the best way of doing that is the internet. If people from all around the world can get access to the rpoducts of Elecdyne so their sale can increase but as I have mentioned above that they should try to reduce the prices of their products because the biggest competitor Elecdyne has is Sony which is a huge name in world and of course if the products of Sony and Elecdyne will be of same price so people will definitely prefer Sony but if Elecdyne products will be cheaper so people might choose the products of Elecdyne. The main strategies that Elecdyne should focus on are as follows: Relocation of production where there is cheap labour and raw material. Should improve the technology. Make easy access of their products all around the world through the internet. SECTION 2 Elecdyne is a Japanese company which is operating in Tokyo and currently only selling their products to the local market. As the current situation of the company is below average and it has stopped growing since the last 2 year and due to that it has start losing its key employs to their competitors. Now the company is focusing on internationalization and looking to relocate the company and want to minimize its cost. They are looking for cheap labour rate and cheap raw material which is not possible in Japan because Japan labour rates are high. The employs of Elecdyne are well educated and most of them have done their higher education from USE, CANADA and UK which clearly means that when going internationally English landguage is not going be an issue for the emplos. As I have mentioned before that main reason of going to another country is to minizing the cost. METHODOLOGY The method that will be used is PEST analysis which actually focuses on the macro environment of the country. INTERNATIONALIZATION After having lots of discussions and meetings among the top management the three countries that they have decided to choose are, China India Brazil CHINA China is one of the biggest countries of the world having the area of (3,705,407 sq mi) (wikipedia.com) with the biggest population (1.3 billion) (google.com 2011). China currently has the GDP of $4.99 trillion (google.com) with a growth rate of 9% (tradingeconomics.com). China today is one of the biggest industries of producing goods because of its cheap labour and huge man power. The policies of Chinese government are relatively easy and most of the products are produced or assembled in China. When investing in China the companies 1st should look at the Marco environment of the country and for doing that pest analysis is the best way of doing that. INDIA India again is one of the biggest countries of the with the population of 1.17 billion (google.com) with the total land of 1,269,219 (sq mi)   which is 7th in world (Wikipedia.com). Since the last decade India’s economy has been boosting up doing to lots of foreign investments. The GDP of India is 1.31 trillion US dollars (google.com) with a growth rate of 8.3% and ranking 10th in the world as far as growth rate is concern. In India when companies want to invest so there are no complications when it comes to the government policies because the companies only need to report to RBI (Reserve Bank of India). The Indian government also support the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and the taxes on the business sector are not very high so this also gives a relief to the foreign investment. India has a very huge man power as they are 17.3% of the world population (Wikipedia.com) and due to this the labour rate in India is relatively cheaper than other countries of the world. To see t his in more details the pest analysis of India will give a much better idea of the Macro environment of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Government supports the FDI For industries taxes are very low. No precedning approval needed. The company only has to report to RBI(Reserve Bank of India) within 30 days of foreign investment Labour is relatively cheaper Has enough man power Boost in the GDP in last decade ($1.31 Trillion  US dollars)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technological Can decrease the unemployment in the country. Has a rapid increase in the technology in the last decade. BRAZIL Brazil is another country whose economy is boosting up. We have talked about India and China but Brazil’s economy is also rapidly increasing and currently its GDP is $1.57 Trillion US dollars (google.com) and the rate from which it is increasing is with the rate of   0.7% (tradingeconomics.com) in the last year. The government of Brazil is inviting the international business which is resulting in less employment and increase in the economy. The trading policies are also not very strict and taxes for trading are relatively low. The only issue that Elecdyne can have is Brazil is very far away from Japan and the cost in the logistics will be high. The government of Brazil also supports the FDI To see that Brazil will be a good option for Elecdyne to invest here is the pest analysis of Brazil. COUNTRY OF INVESTMENT As we have done pest analysis of 3 countries to find out that in which we have to invest and by doing that what I will recommend is to invest in India. India is one of the biggest democratic country of the world. The very first reason of doing this is the tax rate of India on the business is very low and India government is still looking for foreign companies to invest in their country and the biggest reason of doing is to decrease the unemployment from the country. Being the 2nd biggest country in the world (as far as population is concern) the employment in India is still a problem with the people of India. The only problem that Elecdyne might have in India is there is some corruption in the government. If we see into this so this may not effect Elecdyne but still there might be a possibility that this might affect the company. Another factor that India has a very low labour rate and if we compare the currency of India and Japan so there is not a very huge difference but if we comp are the currencies of other countries that we have analysed so India will be the cheapest. When it comes to logistics so the distance between the two countries is not too much. The transportation that can be used are, rail, trucks, plane etc. India is a very advance country and they also have technology and if Elecdyne need some technology they can import it without worrying of high taxes. When investing in India Elecdyne is not require to wait for a long time all they have to to do id the report to the RBI( Reserve Bank of India) just before the 30 days of investment. Since the last 6 or 7 years now the stability in India is very good and companies who have invested in India have minimize their cost and due to a huge population in India the number of buyers have increased. The biggest competitor of Elecdyne is Sony and as we discussed above that Elecdyne have to minimize the price of its products so that people prefer their products because of low price there are people in India wh o are price oriented rather than quality so in my opinion India is the best country to invest. REFERENCES Albert Humphrey (1960s) Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis (Accessed on 26th march 2011) Kotter and Schlesinger (1991), Johnson and Scholes (1993) Available at: coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis.php ( Accessed on 26th march 2011) Earthquake-report.com (2011) Available at: http://earthquake-report.com/2011/03/16/catdat-estimated-direct-loss-after-japan-tsunami-100-billion-us/ (Accessed on 26th march 2011). Wkipedia.org(2011) Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area (Accessed on 27th march 2011). Google.com(2011) Available at: google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=ny_gdp_mktp_cdidim=country:CHNdl=enhl=enq=what+is+the+gdp+of+china (Accessed on 27th march 2011). Trading economics.com Available at: tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=CNY (Accessed on 27th march 2011) Google.com(2011) Available at: google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=sp_pop_totlidim=country:INDdl=enhl=enq=what+is+the+population+of+india (Accessed on 27th march 2011). Google.com Available at: google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=ny_gdp_mktp_cdidim=country:INDdl=enhl=enq=what+is+the+gdp+of+india (Accessed on 27th march 2011) Indexmudi.com Available at: indexmundi.com/india/gdp_real_growth_rate.html (Accessed on 27th march 2011) Wikipedia.com Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population (Access on 27th march 2011). Google.com Available at: google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdimet=ny_gdp_mktp_cdidim=country:BRAdl=enhl=enq=gdp+of+brazil (Accessed on 27th march 2011). tradingeconomics.com Available at: tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=BRL (Accessed on 27th march 2011)

Design of a Motor Speed Sampling, Amplification, Filtering and Display Essay - 1

Design of a Motor Speed Sampling, Amplification, Filtering and Display Circuit - Essay Example Based on the requirements of the course, it is mandatory that the current signal be converted between the ranges -2.5 mA to 2.5 Ma and through a voltage signal ranging between the voltages of 2 V to 3 V. When all the recommended conversions have been done, then it is advisable that any noise that may be available be suppressed in AC signals that have frequencies that exceed 100 Hz. When all these have been carried out, the analogue circuit is converted into digital signals and A to D converter is maintained at 8 bit. The 8 bit of the digital signal is then relayed onto the 7-segment for display. The converter finally gives the ADC clock of the whole system. This course work may be analyzed based on two major components. These components include analogue circuits of the system and the digital circuits of the system. The analogue circuits of the system operate on signals of low currents that are meant for conversion to the voltage signals. The noise is then filtered out from the signals of the AC. The analogue circuit consists of the following parts thus, rectifiers, low pass filters, and the amplifiers (Gieras & Wing 2002). The rectifiers are used to convert alternative current voltages into the signals of direct current voltages, the low pass filters are used to filter the noise that might be present in the alternative current voltage signals that have been amplified, and finally, amplifiers are used in the amplification of the small signals of the currents into the required voltage signal ranges. The part of the digital circuit is categorized into the following thus, converters classified as A to D, the 8-bit synchronous counter, and decoders classified as BCD and SSD. The D to A converters are used in the conversion of the analogue circuit signals to the digital circuit signals. The converter feeds the ADC clock of the system. BCD to SSD converters are used

Article and the author analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Article and the author analysis - Essay Example The author is dexterous in exploring situations where family life is experienced. The depiction of love by the author is not overt in all situations. This means that a reader should analyze the stories comprehensively in order to comprehend the significance of life. Despite the use of other themes in the works The Wrath-Bearing Tree", and â€Å"Referred Pain by Lynne Sharon Schwartz, the theme of invisible family love stands out. In order to comprehend the theme of invisible family life, it is crucial to explore both books. In the Referred Pain, the author explores the life of Richard Koslowski who was a musician and a computer expert. The author uses the triviality of a broken tooth to develop the story whereby the protagonist is obsessed with the quest of finding a replacement that was perfect (Schwartz 75). The protagonist seeks the expertise of numerous dentists in order to fulfill his obsession. It is apparent that the obsession is spurred by the determination of the protagonis t to rid himself of a mysterious pain. The protagonist later realizes that it is not the tooth that if fractured but rather his life. The suffering of the protagonist due to his experiences of his family and this affect his current relationships (Kates 211). It is evident that the theme of invisible family life is consistent in the other stories including hostages to fortune where a couple bickers constantly over imaginary children. In order to comprehend the theme of invisible love in the book, it is crucial to explore the examples provided by the author in the book. In the book The Wrath-Bearing Tree, there are some consistencies with the aforementioned book. This is evident in the information that the protagonist’s father was awaiting a critical surgery, which dictates whether he will live. The narrator and her sister are regular visitors since their father was hospitalized. These visits expose them to different characters including a dementia patient. The events make the narrator to reflect on her family. This enables the narrator to make realization of what issues affect their family relationships (Kates 213). For instance, she develops a longing to share her feelings of love with her father, but this is suppressed by the reservation in the family. During the surgery, the narrator becomes aware that some feelings will never be expressed fully. It is evident in the story that the author highlights the theme of family love. In both books, the author appears to be inclined in highlighting family love. It is evident that the events in the stories are guided by the quest of individuals to establish, manifest or experience family life. For instance, the book The Wrath-Bearing Tree, the family experiences a tragedy in that the father faces the possibility of death. The author explores the significance of love in instances when a family faces crisis (May 38). The author explores situations where families realize they have not been vocal enough about their feelings. This is consistent with the theme of invisible love where the emotion is not manifested in ways, which are visible. For instance, the narrator wishes that she could tell her father he loved her. This realization came at a time when the family was facing the possibility of losing their beloved father. It is evident that the narrator loved her father. However, she expressed this love in other ways but was never vocal about it. This is evident

Purnell's Domain of Culture for Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Purnell's Domain of Culture for Argentina - Essay Example Extended families are the norm and Argentines accord high respect to their elders. Willingness to Share Thoughts, Feelings, and Ideas Argentines are strongly vocal in sharing their thoughts, feelings, and ideas. They believe that it is important to be frank, direct, and open with others, although they balance their candor with tactfulness and diplomacy (Whittle, 1998, p.171). They do not like offending others, so they are careful in hurting other people’s feelings. They are unreserved with their opinions, but they are warm and friendly people who readily welcome guests into their country and homes (ISEP, 2010). Argentines are passionate in talking about art, literature, politics, sports, and music. They also openly talk about their families, because they are proud of their ancestries and achievements in life (Whittle, 1998, p.171). Though open to many issues, some Argentines are sensitive to people who do not cheer for their football team when watching at their arenas and some think that it is taboo to talk about Argentina’s relationships with the U.S., Brazil, or Great Britain (Bao, Clark, & Symington, 2010, p.42). Practice and Meaning of Touch Like other Latin American cultures, the Argentines practice touch as part of their communication strategies. People often touch each other while talking, especially family and close friends (Whittle, 1998, p.172). ... Touch is important to Argentines because it symbolizes respect and love. Health care providers are also expected to understand the meaning of touch to healing (Bosco, 2007). Nurses are most especially expected to touch patients while caring for them, such as patting their hands or shoulders to show empathy for their emotions. Spatial and Distancing Strategies When discussing something with friends, Argentines commonly do so in a close manner, even with strangers (Whittle, 1998, p.172). They maintain little distance with other speakers, particularly since they come from high-context cultures where lesser distance means more warmth and honesty (ISEP, 2010). Still, friends may speak closer with each other than other strangers, specifically if these strangers come from other cultures and Argentines may feel that the latter are not comfortable with close-distance communication practices. Eye Contact Argentines speak with each other using strong eye contact (ISEP, 2010). Maintaining eye co ntact means that people respect each other (ISEP, 2010). Argentines use direct eye contact with family and friends. They also do so even when they speak with strangers. Younger people also look directly at their elders to show their respect, although they may look down when they feel embarrassed and have wronged the latter. Gestures and Facial Expressions Argentines are passionate in expressing themselves, which some races would see as melodramatic and aggressive (Expatica.com, 2004). When discussing issues or problems with others, Argentines use â€Å"very punctuated gestures, facial expressions, choice of words and tone of voice† (Expatica.com, 2004). The words â€Å"disaster, chaos or cry† are common in their daily

Mind Map: Counselling Theories and Remote Mentoring

Mind Map: Counselling Theories and Remote Mentoring A mind-map design rationale According to Tony Buzzan[1], the goal of a Mind Map is to format information in a two dimensional fashion, in an easily retrievable format that is easy to review, allowing for easy association. The Mind Map is a method of reviewing great quantities of information â€Å"at a glance[2]†.Mind Maps are used as alternative methods of organising information in a manner that obviate linear thinking, in an attempt to work the way the brain works[3]. Different methods of Mind Mapping range from computer programs to hand drawing; with free-form hand drawing the most effective for incorporating brain-storming. Russell[4] states that during the Mind Mapping process, one should not â€Å"hold back† on ideas or thoughts, but include what comes to mind without judgement or boundaries. Landsberger[5] suggests that the Mind Map should develop based on the direction a topic takes rather than limitations imposed on mapping methodology or self-imposed boundaries. Within the field of psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic training, mentoring is an important concept. With the growth, development and generalised reliance in our society on computers along with the development of virtual working and training grounds, the concept of e-mentoring, or online mentoring is a high growth area and is one achieving attention in the literature. Therefore, this essay will focus on the development of a Mind Map with the central theme of e-mentoring. Specific topics related to detailed development within psychological schools of thought are considered beyond the scope of the current essay and as such, as explicitly omitted. Mind Map Design With the central theme of e-mentoring, there were many topics that vied for prominence as secondary central themes, however, four became primary in early thoughts on development: Training in psychotherapy Mentor Electronics/Computer Psychotherapy Based on the four pronged conceptualisation, the original mental image presented itself as the Greek symbol for psych, the three pronged fork with a base extension. In this case, the base extension was the use of computers and technology which is the underlying foundation for an e-mentoring programme. Unfortunately during the actual execution of the Mind Map development, so much information naturally flowed that the original mental picture of the design did not materialise. Mind Map researchers emphasise the use of colour in the design of one’s Mind Map[6],[7]. Colours were originally chosen for their visibility and distinctiveness from one another against the white background of the page, upon reflection. However, it is interesting to note the pink used for the mentor, as significant emphasis was on female mentor relationship issues and the generalised assumption that mentors would be female. Training in Psychotherapy was evidenced by turquoise coloured branches, which seems somewhat appropriate based in training needs being more clinical. Psychotherapy’s branch was in purple, also appropriate upon reflection, as the many modes and modalities of psychotherapy are about wellness; often represented in the media with purple. Finally, the surprising colour for computers and electronics, forming the base of the psych symbol was in green. One would normally not think of computers and technology as living, represented by green, however, in today ’s age, with technology being so important in our lifestyle and that of an e-mentoring programme, in many ways, computers represent life. Main branches in the design of a Mind Map are representative of sub-themes[8]. In this case, mentor, computers/electronics, psychotherapy and training in psychotherapy were all believed to be specific subdivisions of the e-mentoring process in the field of psychology/psychotherapy. Research states that sub-points are representative of additional levels of information, with the initial branches from the central theme representative of directly related important facts[9]. Although some Mind Map methods suggest linear composition[10] rather than free-flowing forms[11],[12], this writer chose to use a freer flowing format for the sub-themes presented. Russell[13] suggests using arrows, icons and other visual aids to show linkages whereas other researchers suggest using arrows to demonstrate connectivity[14]. Landsberger suggests the use of arrows with connectivity labels, even if the words are nonsense words with meaning attributable only to the Mind Map creator[15]. In this instance, linkages were depicted by double sided arrows, many of which were flexible and bended around objects or attributes. Several arrows/links representing relationships in the Mind Map designed around e-mentoring crossed between sub-themes or domains and due to colour coding and information congestion, were difficult to fully express. For example, the link between female mentor and psychotherapy was delineated as it is believed that the mentor role is in part counsellor[16]. Kotkov states that the mentee-mentor relationship is similar; based on the academic model, to that which transpires in the psychotherapeutic setting[17]. Another example is the integr ation between the four themes of cognitive behaviour therapy that are linked in the Mind Map: stimulus, thought, emotion and behaviour[18]. Looking to security risks inherent in the e-mentoring process, the link was drawn between emails and digital attachments[19],[20]. There were also very strong relationships/links apparent in the female mentor in the mother/daughter role, and in the mother mentor figure seen as the powerful parent[21],[22] that was noted via a linkage. A more convoluted, but none the less important linkage was illustrated in the psychotherapy branch by linking person-centred with relationships and effectiveness and critical engagement with both relationships and effectiveness, person centred with empathy and unconditional positive regard[23]. On the other hand, although concerns are shared about security, the security risks commented on through the integration of internet use noted by Kane[24] was not linked to the legal risks associated with mentoring noted by Heinrich[25] although both loosely relate to potential legal issues it was felt by this writer that internet security and the potential legal issues of the mentor-mentee relationship were distinct from each other. Personal Reflection As a personal approach to psychotherapy, this writer believes in a person centred approach that is heavily based on relationships for effectiveness in therapy. As a result, the links described above emphasising relationships as a key element of the psychotherapy sub-theme in the Mind Map demonstrates its lead in to person-centred psychotherapy. Other branches of the Mind Map explored other theories and therapeutic avenues, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, which were also important for display as evidencing those areas in which these theories no not fit within the structure of a person-centred approach. Lessons Learned and Conclusions The primary conclusion drawn from designing the Mind Map based on an e-mentoring (in the field of psychotherapy) central theme is the complexity and multiplicity of issues. While there are many that inter-relate and/or link with each other, the brain storming process involved served to spawn more ideas than originally thought, such that each of the original sub-themes could have actually become its own central theme in the design of a more detailed Mind Map. The original concept of designing the mind map was an exciting prospect – the central theme had been one I was projecting about as related to future needs. Thus, when the central theme was confirmed for the mind map it was believed that a unique opportunity presented itself to explore the central theme in a creative way allowing for free thinking, thinking outside the box, without any traditional or conventional boundaries. In many ways, although the mind map is unstructured in the creative process, it is still a structured development process as one drills down to more detailed concepts, issues and layers of a subject. While Landsberger[26] states that one should revise the mind map by erasing or editing, that seems to be contrary to the concept of mind mapping in the first place as a process which fosters creativity. Thus, upon reflection, without modifications, the current Mind Map feels cluttered. If one were to draw the mind map over again, the use of a sixth colour would be incorporated strictly to show links. Additionally, in the linkage process a variety of line types would be used to designate different linkages, for example a solid line to represent a direct relationship and a dotted or broken line to represent an indirect relationship. In many ways, staying focused was difficult. In the brain storming process, especially when one is not to make personal judgements, it is easy to get carried away. Thus, it appeared there was a fine line between free thinking and conforming. When getting near the edge of a page for example, the natural inclination was to think the branch was completely explored rather than rounding the corner or moving towards a free white space. Finally, the decision to hand-draw rather than use a computer program to create the map was a difficult one. The computer program was more likely to utilise its own intelligent system to draw the finished map, assure legibility and coherence. A hand-drawn mind map, on the other hand, was more likely to represent the structure in a creative manner rather than one obtained through linear thinking, as would be required for input into digital form. The most useful concept discovered in the creation of the mind map was ability to see links between concepts that might otherwise be left undiscovered. For example, when reviewing issues within psychotherapy of transference and countertransference; these were the same issues uncovered within the mentoring process, especially with the mixed feelings and power relationship structures of female mentors and mentees[27]. Another useful concept in the design and creation of the mind map was the discovery of how complex the issue of e-mentoring in the psychotherapy student environment. One tends to isolate conceptual topics and think of the central theme as very narrow when researching a topic. The mind-map process enabled a more creative perspective to draw out what one might consider ancillary themes only to discover they are major themes that interrelate and integrate with one another. In conclusion, this essay has explored design and development concepts of a mind map with the central theme e-mentoring in the psychotherapeutic and counselling environment. The design process was explored along with procedural strengths and weaknesses. In summation, the process of designing the mind map was believed a positive endeavour allowing for greater exploration. The result provided a grander view of the central topic and the ability to seek relationships between sub-topics or themes that might otherwise remain unnoticed. The ability to quickly see the entire picture painted via the diagram â€Å"at a glance† allowing the viewer to see all makes the mind map an excellent and effective learning tool. References Gannon, Joyce. Modern Mentoring. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)2006. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-155116925.html [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Gawrylewski, Andrea. Taking Mentorship Online. The Scientist, 21, 83 85)2007. Heinrich, Kathleen T. Doctoral Advisement Relationships between Women: On Friendship and Betrayal. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 447 469)1995. Kane, Daniel. Long Distance Mentoring Over Email. US Fed News Service)2007. Kotkov, Benjamin. The Perils of Supervision Teaching in the Psychotherapy Setting. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8)2005. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:134955706 [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Landsberger, Joe. Concept- or Mind-Mapping. Study Guides and Strategies)2008. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.studygs.net/mapping [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Mahoney, Michael J. Essential Themes in the Training of Psychotherapists. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 17, 43 59)1998. Mind Maps. Mind Tools, Ltd.)2008[Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS.01.htm [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Mulhauser, Greg. Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness in Counselling and Psychotherapy. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://counsellingresource.com/types/effectiveness.html [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Russell, Peter. How to Mind Map. The Spirit of Now)1997. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://peterrussell.com/MindMaps/HowTo.php [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Appendix A: Mind Map SENT UNDER SEPARATE COVER If you haven’t received it – please contact DD for retrieval. 1 [1] Cited in Mind Maps. Mind Tools, Ltd.)2008[Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS.01.htm [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [2] Mind Maps. [3] P. Russell. How to Mind Map. The Spirit of Now)1997. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://peterrussell.com/MindMaps/HowTo.php [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [4] Russell. [5] J. Landsberger. Concept- or Mind-Mapping. Study Guides and Strategies)2008. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.studygs.net/mapping [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [6] Mind Map. [7] Russell. [8] Russell. [9] Mind Map. [10] Landsberger. [11] Russell. [12] Mind Map. [13] Russell. [14] Mind Maps. [15] Landsberger. [16] B. Kotkov. The Perils of Supervision Teaching in the Psychotherapy Setting. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8)2005. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:134955706 [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [17] Kotkov, 6. [18] G. Mulhauser, Greg. Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness in Counselling and Psychotherapy. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://counsellingresource.com/types/effectiveness.html [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [19] A. Gawrylewskia. Taking Mentorship Online. The Scientist, 21, 83 85)2007. [20] D. Kane. Long Distance Mentoring Over Email. US Fed News Service)2007 [21] Mahoney, Michael J. Essential Themes in the Training of Psychotherapists. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 17, 43 59)1998. [22] Heinrich, Kathleen T. Doctoral Advisement Relationships between Women: On Friendship and Betrayal. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 447 469)1995 [23] Mulhauser. [24] Kane. [25].Heinrich, 460. [26] Landsberger. [27] Heinrich, 447 – 469.

Mexican-Americans Fight for Equality in America Essay example -- Race

Mexican-Americans' Fight for Equality in America The United States has always been thought of as the the land of opportunity. Why is it that for years Mexican-Americans have been mistreated and discriminated against? There are millions of people that live in the US that are of Mexican descent. Throughout the Mexican-American history they have faced constant struggles to be recognized as equal citizens. The white man drove them from their own homes when they first settled in America. The Anglo settlers did not hold much if any respect for the Mexicans. The fight for their civil rights has been going on since the 1800s. It wasn't until the 1960s when the Chicanos were formed that affirmative action began to take place. The Americans settled all over the United States and in the 1820s began showing interest in the West because of trade with Asia. Certain leaders were sent out on missions' to "help" better the lives of the Indians and Mexicans. When the white settlers first came to West they viewed the Indians and Mexicans as savages. They did not think of them as human because their lifestyle was unsuitable, or rather different then their own. The only way that they could tolerate them was to try and change their way of living. They attempted to convert them into the Christian religion, to change the way they ate, what they ate, how they ate it, the way they dressed, teach them English, etc. "The object of the missions is to convert as many of the wild Indians as possible, and to train them up within the walls of the establishment in the exercise of a good life, and of some trade, so that they may be able to provide for themselves and become useful members of civilized society."1 The Mexicans did not like nor we... ...ecause the white people treated the Mexicans so unfairly the Mexicans united against them and formed a unity that has lasted until today. In Michelle's paper she recaps the history of Mexicans in the United States that was not completely dealt with in either the website or the movie. Michelle points out that the Latin@s history is essential to understanding the Mexicans experience. She also wrote of the Mexican's el movemiento and how the website and movie brought about different accounts of this momentous event. In reading different papers about the Mexican-Amercican experience it expanded not only my knowledge but my opinion too. Nikki and Michelle brought up some interesting points, ideas, and thoughts on the Mexican's life in the United States. Through all my research on mexican's I have gained a better understanding of the Mexican's struggle.

Knowledge and reality Essay

The quest for knowledge remains a perplexing problem in the field of philosophy. Even nowadays mankind continue to seek to understand himself and the world around him he is thirst to know were exactly our knowledge comes from. The question of knowledge appears to be a battle between the empirisists who believed that knowledge is acquired through sense experience and the rationalists who believed that knowledge can only be required through reasoning. Although there are a lot of people who abides with these groups in my essay in my essay I will only deal with John locke who in this case argues that knowledge is acquired throughsense experience thereby representing the empirisists group and Rene Descartes who argues that knowledge comes fronm reasoning thereby representing the rationalists. Diffrent scholars have also shown their appreciation to the work which was done by the two groups. Rene Descartes who is the rationalist have claimed that the ultimate starting point for knowledge is is not the senses but reason. According to Cottingham,Descartes argues that knowledge of a particular subject matter is underwritten by intuition or rational insight and deductive reasoning rather than experience of that subject matter(1984). Descartes in this case is of the opinion that the only way one can acquire knowledge is through deductive reasoning ,reasoning that aims at exactitude. In one way or other that exactitude is the one which we can now call knowledge Descartes maintain that without prior categories and principles supplied by reason wen could not organise and interrupt one’s sense experience in any way (Kenny:1986). In this case one would be faced with just one huge ,undifferentiated,kaleidospic whirl of sensation ,signifying nothing(Kenny:1986). Rationalism in its purest form goes so far as to hold that al our rational beliefs and the entirety of human knowledge consists in human principles and innate concepts. According to Russel Descartes believes that men are born with innate ideas or ideas that we are born with (1946:548). He argues that those innate ideas are generated and certified by reason along with anything logically deducable these first principles. Furthermore on innate ideas ,a number of mankind still how can reason supply ay mental category or first principle at all? The question is a bit easy for such people like Descartes who claimed that we are born with several fundamental concepts or categories in our minds ready for use(Stitch:1975). Descartes went own to argue that this gives us innate knowledge . This might be through certain categories of space ,time,cause and effect. In one way or other Descartes argues that people thinks in terms of cause and effect and this helps one’s experience of the world(Stitch:1975). A ccording to Stitch Descartes argues that people think of themselves as seing some things causing other things to happen,but in terms of our raw sense experience ,one sees certain things happen before other thing happen and remember having seen such before and after the sequences at earlier times (1975). One can come up with an example like ,a rock hits the window and then the window breaks. We don’t see the third thing called causation but we believe it has happened. The rock hitting the window caused it to break but this is not experienced like the fight of the rock or the shattering of the glass. Descartes argues that experience does not seem to force the concept of causation on us. On this case Descartes bis denying the fact that knowledge comes fron sense experience but reasoning. Descartes also claimed that the foundations of our knowledge are propositions that are self-evidently true. A self-evident proposition has the strange property of being such that ,on merely understanding what it says and without any further checking or special evidence of any kind. One can just intellectually see that it is true(Caruthers:1992). If A is greater than B the B is greater than C and therefore A is greater than C. In this example the claim is that once these statements are understood ,it takes no further sense experience whatsoever to see that they are true . Descartes was athinker who used sceptical doubt as a prelude to constructing a retionalist philosophy. He was convinced that all our beliefs that are founded on the experience of the external senses could be called into doubt ,but that with certain beliefs like ‘I am thinking’,there is n o room for creating and sustaining a reasonable doubt(Pojman:1991:72). Descartes then tried to find enough other first principles with immune to rational doubt that he could provide an indubitable ,rational basis for all other legitimate beliefs. According to Pojman Descartes thought that mathematics gave a paradigm or model of certain knowledge or of attaining such knowledge (1991:73). He argued that mathematical knowledge is based on self evident axioms ,or first principles. In this case those principles are clear and distinctly persued as self-evident and in other words they are indubitable that is to say it is hard to doubt them. They are intrinsically valid on self-certifying . Dscartes argues that once we have such self-evident truths ,then with the rules of reasoning or logic ,theories can be validly deduced from them (Spinoza:1905). Descartes wanted to apply the method of philosophy as he argued that in mathematics ther is no appeal to sense experience . Human reasoning is the sole source of mathematical knowledge (Spinoza:1905). In this case Descartes claimed that by poor reasoning one can achieve knowledge. It was this method of doubt that Descartes used to get at the indubitable starting point which will be unshakable foundation of the edifice of knowledge hence to doubt means to think and think means to be(Pojman:1991). On the other hand we have the empirialists who in this case are being represented by John Locke. Locke is of the view that knowledge is acquired through sense experience. Locke was actually influenced by Descartes writings in which Descartes was arguing that knowledge comes from reasoning and the issue of innate ideas. According to Pojman Locke believes that the senses we maintain ,gives us all our raw data about the world and without this raw material their would be no knowledge at all(Pojman:1991:83). To Locke perception starts a process and from this process come all our beliefs . In its purest form ,Locke and his collegues believes that sense experience alone gave birth to all our knowledge. Locke was influenced by Descartes writings because what Descartes believes was the opposite of what Locke and his collegues believed mostly on the issue of innate ideas hence he decided to put on his suggestion on were exactly our knowledge comes from. Locke argues that innate ideas are suppose to be inborn ideas and they are their in the human mind since birth (Locke:1894). He argues that these ideas are neither created by us nor derived from our experiences. Locke argues that the human mind is a ‘tabula rasa’ meaning to say it is blank and it looks like a white sheet of paper without any content or ideas. According to Pojman there are no inborn ideas in the human mind(Pojman:1991). Ideas denote the content of human mind and consciousness. This then supports the idea that all ideas spring from experiences. According to Spinoza ,Locke argues that all knowledge is formed as and ultimately derived from sensational or inner reflection(1905) To add more the empirisists argue thatideas acquired through sensation and reflection are simple ideas. According Russel Locke argues that the mind has the power to reject ,compare and combine them to then form complex ideas(1946:551) . The simple ideas are the materials of the mind or consciousness. The mind elaborates them in defferent ways and this knowledge is developed(Russel:1946:551)Simple ideaas in this case are thus produced in the mind by the outer things through external experiences and simple ideas posseses valididty. The two theories presents different ideas on were exactly we get knowledge but I think I am convinced with the theory of Descartes which says knowledge is acquired through reason. Although the theory was mainly meant for the mathmaticians I think it is good for me because a men ought to reason so as to find knowledge. To me reasoning shows that someone really is thinking deeper so as to find whatever he wants . The method of doubt which he uses convince me also because I think through doubting you will be able to find knowledge. The Christians might want to say Thomas was wrong but in one way or other Thomas made Christians to know that realy the man they saw was Jesus and Christians were made to believe that really there is resurrection and this was through doubting Thomas. I cant just believe what I have not see without doubting because nowadays people tend to lie so as to get whatever they want in their lives . Therefore the theory of Descartes to me is good one on how we aquire knowledge . ? BIBLIOGRAPHY Carruthers. P.(1992)Human knowledge and human nature,Oxford: Oxford University Press’ Cottingham. J. (1984)Rationalism,London:Palada books. Fieser. P. (1991) Introduction to Philosophy. Oxford:Oxiford University Press Kenny. A. (ed). (1986)Rationalism,Empiricism and Idealism ,Oxiford:Oxiford University Press Locke. J. (1690)An essay on human understanding. (ed)R. Woolhouse. (1997). London:Panguin Books Louis. P. (2007)The theory of knowledge ,classical and temporary readings. Belment CA:Wadsworth Stitch. S. (ed)(1975)Innate ideas ,Berkely CA:Carlifonia University Press Russell. B. (1912)History of Western Philosophy . Oxiford:Oxiford University Press.

Philosopher Hypatia of Ancient Alexandria

Philosopher Hypatia of Ancient Alexandria Known for: Greek intellectual and teacher in Alexandria, Egypt, known for mathematics and philosophy, martyred by Christian mob Dates: born about 350 to 370, died 416 Alternate spelling: Ipazia About Hypatia Hypatia was the daughter of Theon of Alexandria who was a teacher of mathematics with the Museum of Alexandria in Egypt. A center of Greek intellectual and cultural life, the Museum included many independent schools and the great library of Alexandria. Hypatia studied with her father, and with many others including Plutarch the Younger. She herself taught at the Neoplatonist school of philosophy. She became the salaried director of this school in 400. She probably wrote on mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy, including about the motions of the planets, about number theory and about conic sections. Accomplishments Hypatia, according to sources, corresponded with and hosted scholars from other cities. Synesius, Bishop of Ptolemais, was one of her correspondents and he visited her frequently. Hypatia was a popular lecturer, drawing students from many parts of the empire. From the little historical information about Hypatia that survives, it is surmised by some that she invented the plane astrolabe, the graduated brass hydrometer, and the hydroscope, with Synesius of Greece, who was her student and later colleague.  The evidence may also point to simply being able to construct those instruments. Hypatia is said to have dressed in the clothing of a scholar or teacher, rather than in womens clothing. She moved about freely, driving her own chariot, contrary to the norm for womens public behavior. She was credited by the surviving sources as having political influence in the city, especially with Orestes, the Roman governor of Alexandria. Hypatias Death The story by Socrates Scholasticus written soon after Hypatias death and the version written by John of Nikiu of Egypt more than 200 years later disagree in considerable detail, although both were written by Christians.  Both seem to be focused on justifying the expulsion of the Jews by Cyril, the Christian bishop, and on associating Orestes with Hypatia. In both, Hypatias death was a result of a conflict between the Orestes and Cyril, later made a saint of the church. According to Scholasticus, an order of Orestes to control Jewish celebrations met with approval by Christians, then to violence between the Christians and the Jews. The Christian-told stories make it clear that they blame the Jews for the mass killing of Christians, leading to the banishment of the Jews of Alexandria by Cyril.  Cyril accused Orestes of being a pagan, and a large group of monks who came to fight with Cyril attacked Orestes. A monk who injured Orestes was arrested and tortured.  John of Nikiu accuses Orestes of inflaming the Jews against the Christians, also telling a story of the mass killing of Christians by Jews, followed by Cyril purging the Jews from Alexandria and converting the synagogues to churches.  Johns version leaves out the part about a large group of monks coming to town and joining the Christian forces against the Jews and Orestes. Hypatia enters the story as someone associated with Orestes and suspected by the angry Christians of advising Orestes not to reconcile with Cyril.  In John of Nikius account, Orestes was causing people to leave the church and follow Hypatia.  He  associated her with Satan and accused her of converting people away from Christianity. Scholasticus credits Cyrils preaching against Hypatia with inciting a mob led by fanatical Christian monks to attack Hypatia as she drove her chariot through Alexandria. They dragged her from her chariot, stripped her, killed her, stripped her flesh from her bones, scattered her body parts through the streets, and burned some remaining parts of her body in the library of Caesareum.  Johns version of her death is also that a mob for him justified because she beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments stripped her naked and dragged her through the city until she died. Legacy of Hypatia Hypatias students fled to Athens, where the study of mathematics flourished after that. The Neoplatonic school she headed continued in Alexandria until the Arabs invaded in 642. When the library of Alexandria was burned, the works of Hypatia were destroyed.  That burning happened primarily in Roman times.  We know her writings today through the works of others who quoted her even if unfavorably and a few letters written to her by contemporaries. Books About Hypatia Dzielska, Maria.  Hypatia of Alexandria.  1995.Amore, Khan.  Hypatia.  2001. (a novel)Knorr, Wilbur Richard.  Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry. 1989.Nietupski, Nancy. Hypatia: Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher.  Alexandria  2.Kramer, Edna E. Hypatia.  The Dictionary of Scientific Biography.  Gillispie, Charles C. ed. 1970-1990.Mueller, Ian. Hypatia (370?-415).  Women of Mathematics. Louise S. Grinstein and Paul J. Campbell, ed. 1987.Alic, Margaret.  Hypatias Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century.  1986. Hypatia appears as a character or theme in several works of other writers, including in  Hypatia, or New Foes with Old Faces, a historical novel by Charles Kingley.

Research for Hemingway essays

Research for Hemingway essays Research Paper: Life and work of Ernest Hemingway The affecting history of life of one the greatest American writers of all times, Ernest Hemingway, reflects in his immortal works. A novelist, two of whose works ended up in the list of top 100 of novels of all times, describes his life and the world around him in the creations of wise and flexible language and reflects the world in them as in the mirror. Ernest Miller Hemingway, named for his maternal grandfather and great uncle, was born on July 21 in his maternal grandfathers house in Oak Park (a staid suburb of Chicago), Illinois.(Ernest Hemingway, Peter L. Hays, pg.17). Thus begun the life of one of the best writers in American literature. It is important also to understand the environment that one of the best American writers grew up in, and especially the people that grew him up-his parents. His father was Dr. Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a general practitioner, who worked as physician for the insurance companies in Chicago. But the not important is his job next to his character, which his son Ernest inherited. Even though he was a physician and a good one, inquiring discipline and order in everything he attended, he was even a more dedicated outdoors man. He brought to campsite the same sense of order, and methodical attention to detail that surgery demanded. (Ernest Hemingway: The search for Courage, Keith Ferrell, pg.9). His friends looked up to Edmond as a right example for setting up a camp, and living off the land. He was a natural leader, a man of imposing presence, proud of his skills but modest about them. He would not show off or boast, preferring to use his abilities quietly and for the benefits of others. (Ernest Hemingway: The search for Courage, Keith Ferrell, pg.9). These wonderful features that indicate a noble nature and the character that his father possessed were inherited by Ernest. As a child, both in Michig...

Weighing the benefits and drawbacks of standardized testing Essay

Weighing the benefits and drawbacks of standardized testing - Essay Example The prevalent use of standardized tests has caused much controversy in recent years. Some feel that they have an important place in helping to assess student ability and school quality, while others feel that they have very little validity, and detract significantly from our children's educational experience. A great deal of studies have been published in attempt to understand the true effect that standardized tests have on education, yet there has been little consensus among opposing sides. No matter one's position on the subject, a clear understanding of both the pros and cons of standardized testing will aid our country in its quest to improve the quality of education for all of our students. If administrators and policy-makers would take into account both the benefits and the drawbacks of standardized testing, they could work to create educational policies that take advantage of the data that standardized tests offer, while not allowing test bias or an overemphasis on test scores to detract from our student's education. The driving force behind the prevalent use of standardized tests in school districts across the country is a belief that they will hold schools and teachers accountable for each student, and that no child will be allowed to slip through the cracks. This is essentially the premise of the No Child Left Behind Act passed in 2002, which uses standardized test scores to determine whether or not schools are making adequate progress. In a recent report from the US department of education entitled "Building on Results: A Blueprint for Strengthening the No Child Left Behind Act" (2007), George W. Bush reiterates that this policy is first and foremost an effort to end "the soft bigotry of low expectations" (p 1). In addition to bridging the achievement gaps between minority populations and wealthier populations, Bush also stated that: "NCLB is an important way to make sure America remains competitive in the 21st century. We're living in a global world. See, the education system must compete with education systems in China and India. If we fail to give our students the skills necessary to compete in the world of the 21st century, the jobs will go elsewhere" (Hursh, 2007, 498). Proponents of NCLB, argue that standardized tests are the best tool that we have at our disposal to determine whether schools are truly bridging the achievement gaps and preparing students to compete in the global economy of the 21st century. The reason that standardized tests are an indispensable part of school success according to proponents of NCLB, stems from their belief that it is impossible to know if students are learning anything without assessment. Grant Wiggins, author of Understanding by Design (2006), offers a humorous, but poignant anecdote about what happens when assessment is not incorporated into classroom instruction: A teacher claims to have taught his dog to talk, yet when the teacher's friend wants to see proof of the dog being able to talk, the teacher modifies her claim: "I taught him to talk, but I didn't say he learned it" (p. 228). Without evaluation, neither teachers nor students can ever know if they have grasped the material that has been taught, and they become the talking dogs that have not actually learned to talk. Without evaluation, teaching can become a dull and listless act that fails to take into account whether students are actually learning and whether they are able to analyze and cr eate meaning out of the new experiences they have had in class. Richard Phelps explains the benefits of standardized tests in Kill the Messenger: The War on Standardized Testing (2003), which has been called the definitive defense of standardized testing. Phelps and other proponents of standardized

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Case Study Example Whilst the defendant may cite the absence of a legal statute that is binding in the contract, the terms of selling and buying as stipulated by eBay are open and very clear for all the participants to easily understand. Acknowledgement by all the participants is a mandatory requirement for participating. Whilst eBay would only facilitate the payment for the items sold between two parties, both of them would have agreed to the terms and conditions of the bid which is not entered into under any jurisdiction but where the highest bidder walks away with the item. Whilst some differences arose with the defendant arguing that he had not entered into a contract with the plaintiff after he had already made a 10 % payment, it seems that both parties were aware of the deal and the defendant had even given information to the effect that the plane had certificates of fitness and the highest amount of bid he expected. Surprisingly, the defendant’s sworn affidavit is silent about this payment which raises doubts. The plaintiff fulfilled all these terms and conditions stipulated in the conditions for eBay which may be folly for the defendant to argue that he is not legally bound to such a contract after kn owingly accepted the terms as provided by eBay which led Rein AJ to doubt his credibility. 5. The defendant argued that there was no binding and enforceable agreement between him and the plaintiff since he argued that it was only eBay which could remove him as a registered member which meant that he had no contract with the client since there is nothing binding if there is an issue of one party defaulting. He argued that the only contract that existed was between him and eBay and between the plaintiff and eBay again without direct relationship between the buyer and the seller. He also argued that placing an advert on eBay was just like placing it in any other classified sections of the press but it seems